What is a character?
A character is a single symbol (letter, number, etc.). Character in swift are of Character type and is declared as:
let someCharacter:Character
How to declare and assign a character in Swift?
You can assign value in Character type same as String using double quotes " " but it should contain only a single character inside the quotes " ".
If you need to include more than one character you need to define it String instead of Character.
Example 1: Declaring and assigning a character
let someCharacter:Character = “H”
let specialCharacter:Character = “@”
print(someCharacter)
print(specialCharacter)
When you run the program, the output will be:
H @
Example 2: Assigning more than one character (Doesn’t work)
But if you try to assign two symbols inside the character as
/*
This will give an error
Changing the type to String will fix it.
*/
let failableCharacter:Character = "H@"
print(failableCharacter)
When you try to run the above code, you will get an error as:
Cannot convert value of type String to Character.
Creating character using unicode and escape sequence
You can also create special type of characters for.e.g emoji using unicodes. You can create a unicode using escape sequence \u{n} (unicode code point ,n is in hexadecimal).
Example 3: Creating a unicode character
let heartShape:Character = "\u{2665}"
print(heartShape)
When you run the program, the output will be:
♥
In the above example, a heart shape character was created from code U+2665. Although \u{2665} is included in double quotes, compiler doesn't treat it as a String because we used escape sequence \u{n}. An escape sequence doesn’t represent itself when included in literal.
What is a String?
A string is simply a collection of characters. Strings in Swift are of String type and declared as:
let someString:String
How to declare and assign a string in Swift?
You can assign value in String type using string literals. A string literal is a collection of characters surrounded with double quotes " ".
Example 4: Declaring and assigning a string
let someString:String = "Hello, world!"
let someMessage = "I love Swift."
print(someString)
print(someMessage)
When you run the program, the output will be:
Hello, world! I love Swift.
Here, both "Hello, world!" and "I love Swift." are string literals used to create string variables someString and someMessage respectively.
Operations on a string
There are some built in functions and property in String to deal with most frequently used operations. For example: to join strings, change it to uppercase or capitalize it. Let's explore some frequently used operations below:
String comparison
You can simply check if two strings are equal or not using comparison operator (==). The operator returns returns true if both strings are equal, otherwise it returns false.
Example 5: String comparison in Swift
let someString = "Hello, world!"
let someMessage = "I love Swift."
let someAnotherMessage = "Hello, world!"
print(someString == someMessage)
print(someString == someAnotherMessage)
When you run the program, the output will be:
false true
String concatenation
Two different strings value can be added together with the addition operator (+) or using compound assignment operator (+=). You can also append a character/string in a string using append method.
Example 6: String concatenation in Swift
let helloStr = "Hello, "
let worldStr = "World"
var result = helloStr + worldStr
print(result)
result.append("!")
print(result)
When you run the program, the output will be:
Hello, World Hello, World!
In the above program we created a string result by appending helloStr and worldStr using + operator. So, print(result) outputs Hello, World in the screen.
You can also append any character or string using append method. result.append("!") appends a ! character at the end of the string. So, print(result) outputs Hello, World! on the screen.
String concatenation using advanced assignment operator
We can also use advanced assignment operator (+=) to append string.
Example 7: String concatenation using += operator
var helloStr = "Hello, "
let worldStr = "World!"
helloStr += worldStr
print(helloStr)
When you run the program, the output will be:
Hello, World!
Notice the use of var instead of let in helloStr. If you have defined helloStr a constant using let, you cannot change it later using the += operator and eventually get an error. So, you have to define helloStr a variable.
String Interpolation
It is a simple process of evaluating a string literal that consists of variables, constants etc. Imagine you have player’s name and score stored in two constants as:
let playerName = "Jack" let playerScore = 99
Now you need to display a message to the player as "Congratulations Jack!. Your highest score is 99." Here, you need to a way to use the values of the constants in a single string.
This can be achieved using string concatenation as:
let congratsMessage = "Congratulations " + playerName + "!. Your highest score is " + playerScore + "."
print(congratsMessage)
However, you can see this can get messy pretty soon. You have to take care of the spaces after the word Congratulations, is. Also, if you have to use more than two constants/variables, it will get unreadable.
There’s an easier way to display the message using string interpolation. Interpolation is the process to include value of a variable or constant inside string literal.
The variable or constant that should insert into the string literal is wrapped in a pair of parentheses ( ), prefixed by a backslash (\).
Example 8: String interpolation in Swift
let playerName = "Jack"
let playerScore = 99
let congratsMessage = "Congratulations \(playerName)!. Your highest score is \(playerScore)."
print(congratsMessage)
When you run the program, the output will be:
Congratulations Jack!. Your highest score is 99.
Some helpful built-in String functions & variables:
1. isEmpty
This function determines if a string is empty or not. It returns true if the string is empty otherwise, it returns false.
Example 9: isEmpty
var emptyString = ""
print(emptyString.isEmpty)
When you run the program, the output will be:
true
2. capitalized
This property is used to capitalize every word in a string.
Example 10: capitalized
let someString = "hello, world!"
print(someString.capitalized)
When you run the program, the output will be:
Hello, World!
3. uppercased and lowercased
The uppercased function converts string to uppercase letter and the lowercased function converts string to lowercase letter.
Example 11: uppercased() and lowercased()
let someString = "Hello, World!" print(someString.uppercased()) print(someString.lowercased())
When you run the program, the output will be:
HELLO, WORLD! hello, world!
4. Length/count
This property is used to count the total number of characters in a string.
Example 12: count
let someString = "Hello, World!"
print(someString.count)
When you run the program, the output will be:
13
5. hasPrefix
This function determines if a string starts with certain characters or not and returns a boolean value. It returns true if the string prefix matches with the provided value otherwise returns false.
Example 13: hasPrefix()
let someString = "Hello, World!"
print(someString.hasPrefix("Hell"))
print(someString.hasPrefix("hell"))
When you run the program, the output will be:
true false
6. hasSuffix
This function determines if a string ends with certain characters or not and returns a boolean value. It returns true if the string suffix matches with the provided value otherwise returns false.
Example 14: hasSuffix()
print(someString.hasSuffix("rld!"))
print(someString.hasSuffix("Rld!"))
When you run the program, the output will be:
true false